Climate Change - Maldives Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Environmental Change - Maldives - Essay Example The general effect of ascending of the ocean level is flooding or even submergence of low-lying seaside territories. In this manner, low lying islands like the Maldives Islands that lie around 8 feet over the ocean level are probably going to be lowered. This is because of projections that the ocean level is probably going to ascend for around 8 feet throughout the following century. Environmental change won't just undermine the economy, culture and condition of Maldives, yet additionally the presence of the nation (Knox, 2009). Subsequently, there is requirement for the nation to reconsider its international strategy so as to viably push for worldwide activity on environmental change. On the off chance that the legislature can't viably campaign for worldwide activity on environmental change, at that point the residents of Maldives will lose their nation in the following century. As indicated by the projections discharged by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the normal worldwide ascent in ocean level will be somewhere in the range of 0.09m and 0.37m in the coming decades (Radic, 2008). This is probably going to either lower the nation’s sea shores or increment sea shore disintegration and realize higher tempest floods that undermine the country’s biodiversity (Dunya, 2015). Loss of biodiversity would put the country’s condition at risk as it will bring about eradication of different creature and plant species. Expanded profundities may block development of coral polyps which will thusly influence fish rearing and the country’s angling grounds. The loss of the coral reef biodiversity will devastatingly affect human set tlement in Maldives Islands. The ascent in ocean implies that salt water will meddle into new water sources in the nation which will affect adversely on agribusiness and earthly biological systems (WorldBank, 2010). Disintegration and submergence of sea shores in the Maldives Islands implies that the nation will no longer get sightseers. This will be the most noticeably terrible monetary catastrophe to the country since its economy to a great extent relies upon remote trade earned from the travel industry segment. In

Substance Misuse and Communicable Disease

Question: Raine is 20 years old and has been infusing heroin for five months. She has two small kids and is pregnant. She lives in brief settlement yet needs to move out decently soon as a result of the poor conditions. She attempts to abstain from sharing infusing hardware and has shared once when she has been pulling back from medications and her gracefully of medications ran out. She has been in contact with a medication office throughout the previous two months (She was tainted with HIV by her accomplice and has been sure for one year and isn't taking any medication treatment). She is four months pregnant and is stressed over telling anyone and whether the infant will be tainted with HIV as her other kids are not HIV positive. You are required to pick ONE of the contextual investigations accessible on Blackboard and in 3000 words show the accomplishment of the 4 learning results by tending to the accompanying focuses: 1. Quickly show the logical (idea of the ailment, fundamental science) social and authentic variables that impact the Epidemiology (method of transmission, pervasiveness, mortality and dismalness) of transmittable sicknesses and relate these to the particular contextual analysis. 2. Recognize and fundamentally talk about any zones of hazard conduct for the situation study and connection them to the writing. 3. Distinguish and basically talk about proof based mediations that might be required and connect the to hypotheses of conduct change. 4. Clarify challenges and snags, which might be experienced in executing the proposed intercessions and how these can be survived. 5. Talk about any issues emerging out of the contextual analysis from the transmittable infections, substance abuse and wellbeing conduct point of view. Answer: HIV or the human immunodeficiency infection is supposed to be a lentivirus which causes (AIDS) (Bell, Selby and McMickens, 2011). In this malady express the invulnerable arrangement of human body dynamically comes up short and permits extreme crafty contaminations, similar to malignant growths to build (Thormar, 2013). Contingent on the infection subtypes normal time of endurance of the influenced people with no treatment is around from 9-11years. HIV contamination happens by transmission of semen, vaginal liquid, blood, bosom milk or pre-discharge. Inside these liquids, HIV can be introduced as both as free popular particles and as tainted resistant cells (Federal Ministry of Health, 2014). HIV contaminates the center human safe cells like T assistant cells, dendritic cells and macrophages. Low degrees of CD4+ Tcells are come about because of the HIV disease through various components, involving uninfected spectator cells apoptosis, constant viral murdering of sullied cells and harm of debased CD4+ T cells by the CD8 cytotoxic lymphocytes which recognize the contaminated cells (Albuquerque et al., 2007). In the event that the quantities of the CD4+ T cell turn down underneath a huge level, cell interceded insusceptibility will be lost and the human framework will turn out to be logically increasingly inclined to serious diseases. HIV contains RNA or ribonucleic corrosive as their hereditary material and requires a host promotion switch transcriptase protein to change over the hereditary material RNA to deoxyribonucleic corrosive or DNA (Wagner, 2008). This infection can enter to the host cells and focuses on the frameworks resistance component, offered by the invulnerable framework and the leucocytes. As indicated by the WHO (World Health Organization) HIV is a retrovirus which pollutes the safe framework cells and harm their practical properties (Watstein and Jovanovic, 2003). At the prior phase of this contamination, influenced individual doesn't exhibit any sort of signs or side effects. Nonetheless, later on during the movement of this illness the invulnerable arrangement of the influenced individual becomes more vulnerable and increasingly inclined to serious different irresistible sicknesses, for instance: pneumonia and tuberculosis (WHO., 2008). Like other blood borne infections, HIV gets transmitted starting with one individual then onto the next during un-defensive sex alongside sharing contaminated syringes and needles, transfusion of tainted blood or blood items, bodily fluid layer, cerebrospinal liquid, semen, wounds or open cuts. During pregnancy a vertical transmission of this infection from mother to the infant is additionally conceivable. Substance abuse among the HIV influenced cross-sexual and gay male builds the opportunity of getting influenced with this infection. All things considered, specialists have shown that infusing drug clients are quite mindful of the necessity for legitimate lead and sexual conduct. Chimpanzees can hold up under Simian Immunode⠁ciency Virus (SIV) in their framework and that is innocuous to them. These infections are named as retrovirus (Pepin, 2011). At the point when this infection is transmitted to various primate, confusions can emerge. It is referenced that previous chimpanzees were pursued and eaten as often as possible by the ancestral gatherings in focal Africa. In this way by ingestion, the interesting Simian infection was transmitted from chimpanzee to human (Tabor, 2007). The Simian infection got changed inside the human body and in this way the principal HIV structure was begun. The exchange of pathogen from creatures to individuals, which fits well with the human invulnerable lack infection, is experimentally named as Zoonosis (Lashley and Durham, 2007). For a fruitful transmission of these infections require certain positive conditions, for example close by have creature populace, human populace, irresistible microorganism in have creature that i s competent in spreading from creature to person, great contacts among the species to transmit adequate pathogens to people which may have taken monstrous measure of individual contacts, capacity of the organisms to spread among mankind most likely by obtained transformation and different systems that permit the infections to generally scatter and counteraction of contamination from bursting out either by murdering its human host or by inciting insusceptibility among the nearby human populaces. To outline the starting point of this infection, analysts have discovered the conceivable time interim of the exchange of the cross-species (Hooper, 2000). The AIDS flare-up makes significant dangers the efficient, social and mental government assistance of HIV contaminated people. This could unfavorably affect family quality and manageability, tutoring, admission to medicinal services and childrens weakness to contamination. The WHO spoke to overall information on HIV (WHO, 2008). Practicall y 67% pregnant female are living with AIDS in center and lower salary nations and under the therapeutic organization to shield their infants from the HIV transmission (Who.int, 2015). Comprehensively practically 2million individuals have enlisted themselves to get antiretroviral treatment in the year 2013 (Who.int, 2015). 23%children are in the requirement for HIV treatment contrast with 37%adults (Who.int, 2015). This additionally call attention to greater hole existed between the administrations for kids and grown-up living with human immunodeficiency infection. Along these lines it is of most extreme significance that the author consider this issue as one of the significant test in social insurance division and will attempt to perceive the principal factors and build up these issues completely by corresponding them with Raines contextual investigation. This article will show transmittable illnesses set up for this situation concentrate by managing their fundamental science, chron icled and social elements, which impact their method of transmission, horribleness, mortality and pervasiveness. This paper will likewise show the territories of hazard practices and connect them to the exploration writing. Furthermore, proof based research will be included to distinguish the issues influencing Raine and her family. Any likely complexities and prevention will likewise be talked about to execute the proposed mediations and the manner in which these obstacles can be survived. At last, this paper will likewise determine if any issues are emerging out of this contextual analysis from the transferable sicknesses, substance misuse and wellbeing conduct recognition. Regions of hazard conduct for the situation study The 20years old female Raine has been infusing herion since most recent five months. She lives in transitory settlement which is poor in condition. She has shared infusing types of gear. Consequently, it is obvious to express that Raine has been manhandling heroin that is considered as a class A controlled substance under the Drugs Act, 1971 (Legislation.gov.uk, 2015). Champion reliance increments following half a month and sudden end can offers ascend to massively awkward mental and physical withdrawal signs for example muscle torment, tension yet without real injury. Sharing same injectable types of gear additionally expands the chance of HIV transmission starting with one individual then onto the next. Heroin doesn't totally disintegrate in light of the fact that it contains certain added substances and during the infusion can gather inside the veins which lead to the kidneys, mind and lungs (Dirks et al., 2012). This blockage can likewise prompts vein harm, breakdown, neighborhoo d disease abscesses, apoplexy, heart valve contaminations, ulcers and circulatory intricacies. For this situation study, Raine is pregnant and pregnancy opens Raine to factors like debilitated resistance, deficient pre-birth care and poor sustenance. Substance maltreatment during pregnancy is likewise connected with formative deferral, unconstrained fetus removal hazard and low birth weight. In addition, the unborn embryo may brought into the world with physical variation from the norm and reliance on heroin, can experience the ill effects of withdrawal condition and in this way genuine clinical issues require emergency clinic affirmation. To help this idea Oei et al. (2012) have distributed a survey on amphetamines utilizes during pregnancy and its effect (Oei et al., 2012). The point of their examination was to assess and sum up as of now introduced proof about the amphitamines sway on pregnancy, the infant and the youngster. Amphetamines are the neurotoxins and neurostimulants wh ich are considered as the all inclusive mishandled illegal medications. The clients are at the more serious danger of mental co-morbidities and confirmations have recommended that amphetamin

Top 5 Online List Randomizers

Top 5 Online List Randomizers Make Money Online Queries? Struggling To Get Traffic To Your Blog? Sign Up On (HBB) Forum Now!Top 5 Online List RandomizersUpdated On 21/06/2015Author : Pradeep KumarTopic : Web ToolsShort URL : http://hbb.me/1IWMAe7 CONNECT WITH HBB ON SOCIAL MEDIA Follow @HellBoundBlogOnline list randomizers are handy and they are useful in many ways. Using these tools you can pick the winners randomly for a blog competition like Retweet and Win kind.If you are If you are randomizing a number, you can try Randomizer. Below I mentioned Top 5 Online List Randomizers for your reference.#1 Random.org List RandomizerThis form allows you to arrange the items of a list in random order. The randomness comes from atmospheric noise, which for many purposes is better than the pseudo-random number algorithms typically used in computer programs.#2 Raffle KingRaffle King is a new one to me. In this site, you have to provide names separated by comma and then it will provide you a single name out of the list as winner.#3 Text MechanicText Mechanic is a collection of free, online, browser-based, text manipulation tools. All tools require javascript to be enabled. It also consists of tools like Baby Name Combination Generator and Permutation Generator.#4 The AlphabetizerAlphabetize lists and much more. The Alphabetizer puts just about any list in alphabetical order. A great tool for alphabetizing song lists. You can also randomize a set of words.#5 ClassToolsClasstools.net allows you to create free educational games, activities and diagrams in a Flash! Host them on your own blog, website or intranet! Allows you to randomize interactively.READ10+ Resources To Sell Your Ebooks Do you know any other cool online list randomizer? Please share it in the comments!

Exploring Social Patterns in the Renaissance Through Fashion

Exploring Social Patterns in the Renaissance Through Fashion Fashion reflects the attitudes of a society more than any other art form. Like art, fashion is a material record of the ideals that swayed the nations at the time of their creation. Through examining the styles, and tastes of a particular era, we can realize where the interests and priorities of a time lie. As Frank Parsons wrote in his 1920 study, The Psychology of Dress, There is surly no better field in which to trace the devious paths of human thought than in that of clothes, where man has ever given free play to self expression, in a way which, thought not always a credit to his intelligence, is yet quite true to his innermost self, whether he will acknowledge it or†¦show more content†¦Clothing expression in medieval Europe, like all other forms of artistic expression at this time, found its biggest outlet in the ecclesiastical field, as this was where all the money was to be found. The churches employed all the best builders and craftsmen in creating their great cathe drals, and art works. In clothing, the church dictated what sorts of materials were made, and brought into the area, what colors were in use, and what styles were used, influencing the secular as well as ecclesiastical dress. In the feudal system only great Barons and their families wore fine cloths, as clothing was a symbol of rank and importance. Each family made their own clothes, so fashion was very individualistic in style, and each family had their own characteristics. With an increase of wealth in the area, and the beginning of the crusades, new elaborate styles were introduced into the scene. Fashions became strange, and grotesque in nature reflecting the constant struggles and wars of the time, as fantasy and the grotesque generally influence social costumes accompanying times of war. 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A Critical Analysis of TRIPS Standards Regarding PATENT Protection - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2264 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Analytical essay Level High school Did you like this example? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Critical Analysis of TRIPS standards regarding PATENT protectionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  History of TRIPS TRIPS is an abbreviation of Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights. It is an international agreement between the member countries of the World Trade Organization (WTO). TRIPS agreement came after the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade(GATT) in 1994. The main aim of the TRIPS Agreement is to uniform the laws related to Intellectual Property worldwide. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "A Critical Analysis of TRIPS Standards Regarding PATENT Protection" essay for you Create order It covers various areas of IP including patents, trademarks, copyrights, geographical indications, industrial designs, etc. For the same the agreement contains various standards for the member countries of WTO to follow. All the signatory countries of the agreement are bound to follow the minimum standards which are there in the agreement and implement the same in their laws. The TRIPS Agreement generally sets out the minimum standards regarding the grant of rights to the owner of IP, enforcement requirements in the national laws, and settlement of disputes and remedies to those whose IP rights get infringed. The objective of the TRIPS Agreement is mentioned under Article 7 of the said agreement which states that, the protection and enforcement of intellectual property rights should contribute to the promotion of technological innovation and to the transfer and dissemination of technology, to the mutual advantage of producers and users of technological knowledge and in a manner co nducive to social and economic welfare, and to a balance of rights and obligations. The TRIPS agreement is considered to be the most comprehensive international agreement on intellectual property to date. When the developed countries stressed on narrow reading of the TRIPS Agreement, the same was discussed in the Doha Declaration where the ministers stressed that it was important toimplement and interpret the TRIPS Agreement in a way that supports public health à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬  by promoting both access to existing medicines and the creation of new medicines. TRIPS not only requires WTO members to providecopyrightrights,geographical indications, industrial designs,patents, trademarks but it also specifies procedures to enforce the same, remedies if in the case of infringement or violation of right anddispute resolutionprocedures. The Agreement covers the following areas of Intellectual Property: Copyrights and Related rights (i.e. the rights of performers, producers of sound recordings and broadcasting organizations) Trademarks (including service marks) Geographical Indications (including appellations of origin) Industrial Designs Patents (including the protection of new varieties of plants) Layout-designs of Integrated Circuits Undisclosed Information (including Trade Secrets and Test Data) The TRIPS agreement is such that the members of WTO are required to create such norms and enforcement measures and related procedures such that they meet the minimum standards which are prescribed in the agreement. The three important features of the Agreement are: Standards Enforcement Dispute Settlement First, in respect of each of the areas of IP covered by the Agreement, each of the member nations is obliged to provide a minimum set of standards for protecting the respective IPR. Under each of the areas of IP covered by the Agreement, the main elements of protection are defined, namely the subject-matter to be protected, the rights to be conferred and permissible exceptions to those rights, and the minimum duration of protection. Second, each member nation is obliged to provide domestic procedures and remedies with respect to protection of IPR. The Agreement lays down certain general principles applicable to all IPR enforcement procedures. The Agreement also lays down certain other provisions on civil and administrative procedures and remedies, special requirements related to border measures and criminal procedures, which specify, in a certain amount of detail, the procedures and remedies that must be available so that right holders can effectively enforce their rights. Third, u nder the Agreement disputes between WTO member nations regarding the respect of the TRIPS obligations are subject to the WTOs dispute settlement procedures. Patent related provisions The TRIPS Agreement contains all the patent related provisions in Part-II which states à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Standards concerning the availability, scope and use of Intellectual Property Rightsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Under Section 5, Patent related provisions are provided from Article 27 to Article 34. According to Article 27.1, the TRIPS agreement requires member countries to make patents available for any inventions, whether products or processes, provided that they are new, innovative and are capable of industrial application. It is further mentioned that the patents shall be available and also the patent rights shall be enjoyable without any discrimination. The same is irrespective of whether the patent product is imported or locally produced. Also there are three exceptions which are allowed for the subject of patentability, The first exception is for inventions which are contrary toordre publicor morality. This includes inventions which are dangerous to human, animal or plant life or health or the environment. There is a condition to the said exception that to it is necessary to protect ordre public or morality and so the commercial exploitation of the invention must also be prevented. The second exception is that patents of the diagnostics, therapies and surgical methods may be excluded as they are for the treatment of the animals and humans so if it is patented the same wonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t be used by any other person in case of emergency. (Article 27.3(a)) The third exception is that members may exclude plants and animals other than micro-organisms and essentially biological processes for the production of plants or animals other than non-biological and microbiological processes. However, any country excluding plant varieties from patent protection must provide an effectivesui generissystem of protection. Moreover, the whole provision is subject to review, four years after entry into force of the Agreement (Article27.3(b)). Under Article 28 of the TRIPS Agreement the rights conferred on its owner are mentioned. The rights that must be conferred by a patent of a product are the ones of making, using, offering for sale, selling, and importing for these purposes. In case of the process patent, rights are not only over use of the process but also over products obtained directly by the process. Patent owners shall also have the right to assign, or transfer by succession, the patent and to conclude licensing contracts (Article28). As per the Article 29, the member of the agreement shall require that an applicant for a patent should disclose the invention in such a clear and complete manner that a person who is skilled in that art can carry out such invention. He is also required to indicate the best method, for carrying out the invention, which is known to him at the time of filling of the application. According to Article 30, the members may provide limited exceptions to the exclusive rights conferre d by a patent, provided that such exceptions do not unreasonably conflict with a normal exploitation of the patent and do not unreasonably prejudice the legitimate interests of the patent owner, taking account of the legitimate interests of third parties. Article 33 of the agreement mentions regarding the term of protection. The term available shall not end before the expiration of a period of 20 years counted from the filing date. Before the TRIPS Agreement came into force, the patent duration was shorter in many countries. For example, many countries provided 15 to 17 years of protection. In certain developing countries, patents were granted for shorter terms of 5 to 7 years. The TRIPS Agreement requires countries to provide patent protection for both processes and products, in all fields of technology. Article 34 of the agreement talks regarding the burden of proof in case of infringement. It states that if the there is any infringement in case of process patent for obtaini ng a product, the judicial authorities shall have the authority to order the defendant to prove that the process to obtain an identical product is different from the patented process. Or for the same he needs to show that the owner of the patent is unaware about the process through which he made the product. In other Articles there are provisions related to compulsory licensing and government use. Under the agreement compulsory licensing and government use without the authorization of the right holder are allowed, but the interest of the legitimate owner is protected and for the same necessary steps are taken. The conditions are mainly contained in Article 31. These include the obligation, as a general rule, to grant such licenses only if an unsuccessful attempt has been made to acquire a voluntary license on reasonable terms and conditions within a reasonable period of time; the requirement to pay adequate remuneration in the circumstances of each case, taking into account the e conomic value of the license; and a requirement that decisions be subject to judicial or other independent review by a distinct higher authority. Analysis Patent law over last many decades has been quite controversial apart from any other Intellectual Property. The TRIPS Agreement contains two specific provisions which created concerns in the countries like India and Brazil which are still developing. The said provisions talked about the scope of the patentable subject matter and the term of protection of the patent. Article 27(1) provides that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“patents shall be available without discrimination as toà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the field of technologyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  and Article 33 states, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The term of protection available shall not end before the expiration of a period of twenty years counted from the filing date.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  These two provisions were of great interest to the developed countries as they could get lots of benefits from the same . Firstly they are already developed so in the field of technology they were far more ahead than developing countries and so they could get things patented and this acted as a barrier to the developing countries as they could not get their products patented. But as the time passed the discussions which were focused on a limited set of issues like subject matter coverage and patent term is now shifted to the other issues like patent claim scope. With emergence of TRIPS gradually when all the countries became member of the same the issues could be dealt easily as several conventions and treaties came into the picture which made all the doubts clear. However, till there exists variations between the courts in matter of the interpretation of the patent claims, it would be difficult to set a minimum standard on a global level. And even there are cases which illustrate how such inconsistencies may occur even within a country, thus impeding the evolution of a consistent patent jurisprud ence upon which one can rely when filing claims. In theory and in practice, for TRIPS to be truly effective, there must be a uniformly accepted set of principles for the interpretation of claims and patent scope. Thus provisions in the agreement allows the members to, Provide limited exceptions to the exclusive patent rights; Adopt measures necessary to protect public health and nutrition, and to promote the public interest in sectors of vital importance to their socio-economic and technological development; Adopt measures à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“needed to prevent the abuse of intellectual property rights by the right holders. An abuse of intellectual property rights includes a refusal to authorize use on à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“reasonable commercial termsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  or a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“resort to practices whichà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦adversely affect the international transfer of technology.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  These provisions offer developing countries certain freedom from the weight of TRIPS minimum standards. Before TRIPS, many countries provided only process à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬  but not product à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬  patents. Product patents provide for absolute protection of the product, whereas process patents provide protection in respect of the technology and the process or method of manufacture. Protection for process patents would not prevent the manufacture of patented products by a process of reverse engineering, where a different process or method from that which has been invented (and patented) is used. For example, national legislation requiring only process patent protection has enabled manufacturers in ce rtain countries to make generic versions of patented medicines. These countries have opted to make use of the transition period that permitted countries to delay, until 2005, patent protection in the areas of technology that had not been so protected before the TRIPS Agreement. References The Suspension of Intellectual Property Obligations Under TRIPS: A Proposal for Retaliating Against Technology-Exporting Countries in the World Trade Organization : https://georgetown.lawreviewnetwork.com/files/pdf/97-5/Slater.PDF visited on the date: 29/10/2014. Is Indian Patent Law TRIPS Compliant? https://spicyip.com/2008/01/is-indian-patent-law-trips-compliant.html visited on 30/10/204. https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/trips_e/tripfq_e.htm visited on 31/10/2014 Overview of Intellectual Property Rights and the TRIPs Agreement: https://www.osec.doc.gov/ogc/occic/ipr.html visited on: 31/10/2014. Standards concerning the availability, scope and use of Intellectual Property Rights: https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/trips_e/t_agm3c_e.htm#Footnote5 visited on 31/10/2014. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“INFLUENCE OF TRIPS ON INDIAN PATENT LAWà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  : https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/21666/9/chapter-vi.pdf visited on 1/11/2014 TRIPs PATENTS by Dr. Gopakumar G. Nair, https://www.gnaipr.com/Articles/TRIPs Patents.pdf , visted on 1/11/2014 The Effect of TRIPs on Indian Patent Law: by Suresh Koshy, https://128.197.26.3/law/central/jd/organizations/journals/scitech/volume1/KOSHY.pdf , visted on 2/11/2014 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF LAW AND TECHNOLOGY :Volume 2, 2006 PATENTABILITY UNDER TRIPS: THE NEED FOR UNIFORMITY by Donald S.Chisum,https://www.ijlt.in/archive/volume2/Chisum Patentability Under TRIPS [2 Indian J. L. Tech. 1].pdf, visited on 2/11/2014 The Suspension of Intellectual Property Obligations Under TRIPS: A Proposal for Retaliating Against Technology-Exporting Countries in the World Trade Organization by GABRIEL L. SLATER, https://georgetown.lawreviewnetwork.com/files/pdf/97-5/Slater.PDF, visited 4/11/2014 WTO and the TRIPS Agreement https://www.who.int/medicines/areas/policy/wto_trips/en/ visited on 7/11/2014. DECLARATION ON PATENT PROTECTION :Regulatory Sovereignty under TRIPS Prospects and Limits of the Patent Provision in theTRIPS Agreement: The Case of India TRIPS Agreement, An overview : IPpro Services (India) Pvt. Ltd

The Safety Of Elderly Drivers - 1825 Words

â€Å"A 79-year-old Florida woman backed over seven pedestrians Sunday morning while backing out of a handicapped space in a church parking lot killing three people† (Baldacci). More and more accidents have been described in the media where an elderly driver had been driving and people passed away as a result of a car accident. According to the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS), elderly drivers have higher rates of fatal crashes, based on miles driven, than any other group except young drivers, the high death rate can be explained due to older peoples frail health- older people are less likely to survive an injury than younger people. Elderly driver’s accidents have started the discussion, how to prevent these accidents and the government has only come up with one solution- revoke elderly drivers driving license, which seems to be an extreme measurement. It is important, that accidents involved elderly drivers would be prevented. Aging is a natural process of all living beings, passing a certain age, many skills and abilities start to deteriorate, for example, vision, hearing and reaction time, which are important for drivers. However, many older people continue to drive despite having lost their motor skills, therefore, older drivers put other people and themselves at risk of being involved in an accident. In 2009, more than half of deaths in crashes involving drivers over age 65 were older drivers themselves, 12% percent were their passengers and 28% of theseShow MoreRelatedElderly Drivers On The Road939 Words   |  4 Pagesoutrageous or even a bit absurd. It could also be a fair comparison to the state of some of the elderly drivers on the road today. Elderly drivers should have additional requirements when renewing their driver’s licenses because statics show that elderly drivers are the cause of an increasing number of wrecks. Nevertheless, several arguments against additional requirements and testing for elderly drive rs exist. If additional testing and requirements would help save lives, in my opinion, there shouldRead MoreEssay on Elderly Drivers1416 Words   |  6 Pagesand into a cash register and employee† (Murphy). Sadly enough, instances like these are becoming more and more prevalent and require immediate action. It is imperative that a more comprehensive approach be taken when deciding the competence of elderly drivers. Laws must be put into action to mandate and administer testing and re-examining of the skills and eligibility of this group. Equally important, we must consider those who will no longer be able to drive, and ensure their transportation and occupationalRead MoreElderly Drivers Informational Essay1178 Words   |  5 Pagesthere is an extremely important issue that the public should understand more about due to its enormous impact on many citizens. This issue pertains to the safety concern surrounding the elderly while operating a motor vehicle past the age of 70 ye ars old. This debate whether old people should be allowed to drive is often brought up by younger drivers, the reality is that all able bodied people who are physically and mentally healthy should be able to drive but as we grow older it is inevitable thatRead MoreWhat Does Aging Doesn t Affect Driving Ability? Essay1485 Words   |  6 Pagesthere are many alternatives and solutions to keep people and the roads safe. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration reports that, â€Å"while drivers age 60 and older are less likely that other drivers to be involved in collisions related to alcohol, speed, and nighttime driving, drivers age 70-79 have higher proportions of at-fault crashes† (Earley). Accidents involving older drivers are increasingly an issue as long as society fails to address the negative impact aging has on driving. BecauseRead MoreWhy The Elderly Should Not Drive Deals With Safely Concerns936 Words   |  4 Pagesdispute, especially the rights of th e elderly population to drive. It’s not an easy topic but individuals may treat the issue as a dichotomy. We all age, that’s a fact of life, but at what point do we start giving the rights we were born with up. The act of driving is not a simple task but requires the integral of all body systems coming together to perform the activity. It is important to take into consideration that by taking away the right to drive for elderly individuals, we hinder their capacityRead MoreSenior Citizens Driiving1577 Words   |  6 Pagescontinually increasing, there are more and more elderly drivers on the roads. In fact, the total annual miles older drivers traveled climbed twenty nine percent from 1995 to 2001 (â€Å"Should elderly†) and that number is probably even greater now. 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There are many reasons for motor vehicle injuries, ranging from lack of seat belt use, elderly drivers, alcohol and young childrenRead MoreElderly Drivers684 Words   |  3 PagesElderly Drivers on the Road Elderly Drivers on the Road One thing that’s just as dangerous as a young and jittery, under-aged driver without any previous driving experience or perhaps even an intoxicated driver raging aggressively through numerous traffic lights is the thought of a vision impaired, elderly man or woman cruising nonchalantly through the wrong lane of traffic or driving 50 mph on a major highway. Due to the continuous trend of our older generation engaging in traffic accidentsRead MoreElderly Drivers1273 Words   |  6 Pagesfingers at young drivers in today’s world. A number of accidents are caused by teens though I believe a worse threat is starting to appear. This threat being elderly drivers over the age of 70. These elderly drivers could be considered dangerous due to their decline in sensory. With more elderly drivers increasing over the years, drivers everywhere could be in danger. Within the next 20 years the number of elderly drivers is expected to triple in the United States (Older Drivers). To comb at thisRead MoreElderly Driving Has Become An Epidemic1184 Words   |  5 Pagesfun. Within these millions, there are all types of drivers; aggressive, passive, new, experienced, and elderly to name a few. The elderly comprise of more than 40 million people age 65 and older in the United States and of those 40 million, 34 million are licensed drivers (NHTSA). Elderly driving has become an alarming subject throughout many communities in the United States as it concerns the safety and health of themselves as well as other drivers. One article shares, as 80-year-old Daniel was driving

The Colombian Exchange free essay sample

The Columbian Explosion Imagine everything you know about America today. Think of the foods, the animals, the annoying sickness we all get come wintertime and then imagine knowing that most of those things were not supposed to be on this land. Because of The Columbian Exchange, America and Europe were able to transfer good, and bad, commonalities amongst each other, and the end result was both unifying, and catastrophic. Most people would be surprised to learn that the â€Å"classic American hamburger† is not exactly, â€Å"American,† per say. Because cows were not native to the lands, and neither was the bread the bun consists of. Do you like sugar in your coffee in the morning? Well, sugarcane was brought overseas to the Americas from Europe. And even coffee itself isn’t a native American product. There are hundreds of beloved combination foods that would not have been possible without the effects of The Columbian Exchange. We will write a custom essay sample on The Colombian Exchange or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Europe brought over several crops that are essential parts of our present-day foods, as well as pesty weeds most present-day suburban lawns would love to be rid of. The list consists of, but is not limited to: rice, wheat, barley, oats, coffee, sugarcane, bananas, melons, olives, dandelions, daisies, clover, ragweed, and Kentucky Bluegrass (Brinkley, 20). The Americas transferred their own list of wondrous plant life to the European countries: corn, potatoes, beans, tobacco, peanuts, squash, peppers, tomatoes, pumpkins, pineapples, cacao, chicle, papayas, tapioca, guavas, and avocados (Brinkley, 20). Think of all the things that would not exist: peanut butter and jelly sandwiches, sandwiches in general even, spaghetti sauce on spaghetti, coffee for breakfast, popcorn, chocolate, and the list goes on and on. As far as plant life goes, The Columbian Exchange was obviously a positive transfer. Another positive aspect of it deals with the domesticated animals that we consume today. These animals were good for many things beyond simple nutrition as well. The Americas gave Europe animals such as turkeys, llamas, alpacas, and guinea pigs, (Brinkley, 20) which enriched lives overseas some, but the transfer of animals from Europe to the Americas left a much more powerful impact. Europe brought: chickens, goats, sheep, pigs, cattle, and horses (Brinkley, 20). This list consists of all the main meats America consumes today. But it also includes animals that were extremely beneficial to farm and working life. Cattle provided milk and cheese, and sheep provided wool. Horses were the most essential animal to the Americas and quickly spread throughout the country (Brinkley, 20). They were powerful work animals and were able to assist farmers in their field work, being strong enough to carry men and goods all at once. Our country would not have made advances in wars without the use of soldiers on horseback. Nor would the horse and carriage combination be able to be used as ways for transportation, and later be used as a model for the automobile, that transformed society in evolutionary ways. The horse also became a treasured domestic pet and later, was showcased in races and events. Before The Columbian Exchange, horses had disappeared from the Western Hemisphere during the Ice Age, and Native Americans had only adopted animals such as dogs to domesticate (Brinkley, 20). But they quickly took the European’s lead and familiarized themselves with horses as well. The Columbian Exchange was not always a good exchange of goods however. It brought devastating consequences for Native peoples who were not immune to European diseases. The biggest impact of The Columbian Exchange deals with sickness and disease. European settlers were subjected to syphilis, a new disease that was not seen before amongst their people, that is transmitted sexually. This disease was most likely transferred from Native American women who were sexually assaulted by European men, which reveals a very dark side of the colonization of our country. The swamps and lowlands were also a deathtrap of sickness for European settlers (HBG, 17). The diseases presented to the Native people were far worse in comparison to what the Europeans were subjected to, however. Many illnesses that were common amongst European settlers were rare to the Natives. They had little, if any experience with sicknesses such as smallpox, measles, chcicken pox, malaria, yellow fever, influenza, and the common cold (Brinkley, 19-20). Because Europeans were very used to seeing these diseases and had dealt with them over a vast period of time, their immune systems were strong enough to combat the viruses with little harm to the person. This was the exact opposite with the Native Americans, however. Such diseases were so foreign and rare to them that there was no way their bodies or immune systems would be able to fight off such a virus, and they were infected easily. Breakouts and epidemics were spread throughout the Native peoples faster than someone could send a letter in the mail. The introduction of European diseases to the New World was so devastating that it could be compared to the infamous Black Death, the plague that overtook a third of Europe’s population in 1347 (Brinkley, 10). Disease almost exterminated several Indian tribes, and millions of Native Americans died. The results were catastrophic amongst the Native People, so many of their ancestors and elders perished at once that they lost important aspects of their cultures along with those people (HBG, 18). Without The Columbian Exchange, much of what we know and love about America today, would not exist. Certain plants and food crops would not grow on our soil, animals and wildlife would not run through our forests or graze on our plains, and awful diseases that weaken human bodies would never have encountered the white blood cell of an Indian. The Columbian Exchange was a huge collision of culture and lifestyle. Food and livestock were traded along with traditions, and ideas as well. The Columbian Exchange was fundamentally important in history, and the effects of it are still seen today. In many ways, this explosion of cultures set up the foundation for modern American life, and with the demise of millions of Natives, it also (unfortunately) enabled European settlers to claim more land. There are of course areas and aspects of The Columbian Exchange that did more hurt to the world’s culture than it did good, but it would be futile to argue that no good came from The Exchange, because there are several obvious and apparent advantages that this country gets to now take. That being said, it is still hard to decipher whether or not the Exchange was worth it. Are horses, coffee, and sugar really worth the lives of millions of peaceful-minded Natives? Some might say yes, but most would argue, no. Regardless of whether it was good or bad, The Columbian Exchange undoubtedly made a huge difference in this world, and it continues to grow and change America today.